I have taken a binding oath on myself- to be more compassionate, more empathetic, and not get swayed away with insubstantial rhetoric of any kind, especially something which panders to my own likes and ideological preferences. I had seen enough human suffering inflicted by our own selves, enough hypocrisy, and enough of the intrinsic nasty, brutish and short nature of humanity of which I myself am a part, and I took this binding oath at a time when I went through a political enlightenment of sorts. Social media had exposed me to different kinds of views, some more worthy of entertaining than others. Some delightfully humane, others hideously cruel and cold. I have seen and heard views which I thought were marginal and ostracized, and seen them thrive and under the patronage of rapidly expanding and increasingly parochial echo chambers. I have seen my compatriots and fellow beings scoff at, condone, and even promote the suffering of their own fellow beings. I have been thus led to make a binding oath to at least attempt be different, to hope that I shall overcome moments of short, brutish cruelty.  I am a proud inhabitant of  a flawed democracy, and I took a binding oath to think freely and put myself under the most scrutiny in a society which seems to grow increasingly intolerant of itself. I took a binding, Plato-esque oath to recognize that I know a miniscule amount of knowledge in any given area, and I must strive to know more and more. I must respect opposing opinions in a way the press, politicians, or any section of the society can ever be expected to. My aim to strive for knowledge , to preserve the desire to find the solutions to humanity’s problems which are caused by humanity and societal flaws themselves has led me to an infatuation with politics, economics and societies. I shall treat this blog as a diary, where I shall share my thoughts and take on human society, world politics, and other topics too disparate to be pigeon-holed, but no less worthy of being discussed. I shall discuss problems, events, causes for celebrations, but all under a binding oath to be sincere. George Orwell, in his haunting take on the failure of ideals guiding revolutions, the betrayal of promises in his novel Animal Farm coined the term “ all animals are equal, but some are more equal than others”. I may be partisan, I may  not be a so-called “horseshoe centrist”. However, if I feel one side of the story, one perspective, one moral is more “equal” than the other(s), I shall not pretend to be an insincere, neutral commentator who is in fact, gagged in the mouth by their own pretense. If I feel some “animals” are in fact more equal than others, that shall be made apparent with proper justification. From a passionate political aficionado to another, dear reader, that is a binding oath. This is my offering to the politics and governance of human life I am so fascinated about, a homage to my parents, dinnertime political and intellectual discussions with whom has ignited this passion. This is a homage to the daily newspapers I so eagerly waited and still wait for. I take a binding oath to honour them all. These passions and oaths make me who I am, and I hope you, dear reader, shall be interested in getting a glimpse of what I think and feel of the world around. I hope my diary of human society interests you.

• The fallacy of accounting and opportunity cost: Why air cargo’s popularity just does not quit despite spiking jet fuel costs.

  Ishaan

  The world commodities market, especially for crude oil, is volatile at historically high levels at the time of writing this blogpost, with crude oil averaging USD 103.9/barrel following speculative inflationary pressures on price due to the closure of the Strait of Hormuz in March 2026. Jet fuel prices rose to USD 124.7/barrel in Q1 2026, which represents a 36% YoY increase. Despite these skyrocketing prices,  global air cargo freight demand remains robust. This is despite the fact that this means of transport is notoriously cost ineffective at first glance, estimated to cost 4-5 times more than road transport, and 12-16 times that of maritime freight. 

  Air cargo is usually characterized by high value goods, usually exceeding USD 4/kg while freight rates themselves are USD 1.5-4.5/kg. These are perishable, time sensitive goods such as medicines, consumer goods, food, inputs which need to meet deadlines for manufactured products or even documents, apart from emergency shipments. Despite the niche, necessary nature of the cargo leading to lower elasticity of demand, standard economic theory would predict demand to fall at a certain, albeit low rate. Yet according to the IATA, the volume of international cargo actually increased 3.7% YoY, despite these upward pressures in price. Are firms making a terribly irrational decision, or are we sinking into fallacies? An important consideration to keep in mind is the distinction between the actual accounting cost of air freight, reflected by the price increase we see, and the economic opportunity cost of transporting these goods by other means, which has also increased, arguably disproportionately. 

  The proverb “time is money” is most prominent in this case. The incredible amount of time saved by transporting a modest amount of time sensitive, perishable cargo through a metal tube nearing the speed of time is quantitatively more than the per unit cost saved by transporting mammoth amounts of those goods bound by a deadline through a mega ship taking several delays and complex port logistics and risking delays. This is what the true price of time demonstrates: avoiding an unavoidable time tariff no amount of corporate lobbying can successfully avoid. For firms, air cargo provides a means of hedging against overreliance on maritime, which too has been  recently marred by a series of global conflicts causing bottlenecks in the supply chain, such as the Houthi strikes and increased danger of transporting through the red sea, the strait of Hormuz blockade, and the Suez Canal blocking, with incredibly high insurance premiums for maritime transport following. Planes need not worry about more than blocked airspaces in which rerouting is far simpler. Customs, clearing and other administrative processes are faster with air freight, further reducing the aforementioned true price of time further.

  Air transport may also serve to provide a good logistic fit; say a manager in Zara finds out new kinds of fashion which trend and have high demand, but that in itself is very temporary, and any delays in introducing or replenishing that line of fashion would entirely render a very valuable line almost fully worthless. The premium charged by air freight is merely worth it. 

  Moreover, as fuel consumption is mostly proportional to the aircraft weight and distance flown, the variable or marginal cost is thus based on weight and destination. Thus, for shorter distances air freight rates per unit distance are higher, as larger proportions of the trip are spent on ground (internodal transport through roads). Marginal cost thus diminishes as the value of goods and distance increases. 

  Macroeconomic studies, particularly one focusing on US imports provide a good case for fast, expensive air transport. They find that long transit delays lower the probability that a country will successfully export goods. One can thus think of the air freight premium as an investment for customer retention. Moreover, it is estimated that each day in transit is worth between 0.6%-2.2% of the goods’ value. Thus, each day of transit delay leads to a true price time based tax 0.6%-2.2% of the goods’ value. This represents depreciated, dead capital which has already been paid for in costs of production yet cannot generate 100% of the estimated revenue. Depending on the delay caused by maritime transport over air freight, depreciation cost often exceed costs saved by choosing a cheaper, more uncertain mode of transport. This is when opportunity cost of choosing road or maritime transport exceeds the accounting cost of air freight. 

  Macroeconomic studies on transport logistics, specifically Hummels and Schaur isolate air transport costs to model trade with distant trade partners. Here the total trade with neighbouring partners is separated between air and maritime transport.

  For making a quantitatively sound conclusion, we infer that:
  

  total cost of shipping via any mode = direct freight cost + time depreciation cost + Inventory holding cost

  To make the decision to choose air over maritime transport, we need:

  TTC_(maritime) > TTC_(air)

  (TTC- Total Transport Cost)

  We know, that from the total cost of shipping, the first component is much higher in air, while the second and third components are higher in maritime. This implies:

  direct freight cost + time depreciation cost + Inventory holding cost(maritime) > direct freight cost + time depreciation cost + Inventory holding cost(air)

  Expanding this inequality, we see that air transport become more feasible when the loss in keeping a unit of the specific good in transit is higher than the extra freight cost per day saved by choosing a cheaper alternative, say maritime.

  Hummel and Schaur find that:

  Extra freight cost per day saved = (c_(air)-c_(maritime))/(t_(maritime) – t _(air))
  

  Where: 

  c=cost

  t=days

  As distance increases, numerator increases but denominator decreases at a greater rate. Increasing cost per day saved by choosing air transport.

  So long as maritime transport remains more volatile than air transport, and trade takes place between partners located far enough apart, it holds rational to pay the premium price and accounting cost of using air transport to save far greater on the opportunity cost of using maritime transport. 

  Bibliography

  Hummels, D. L., & Schaur, G. (2002). Time as a trade barrier. GTAP Working Paper Series, 103(7), 2935–2959. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.7.2935

  Quarterly Air Transport Chartbook Q1 2026. (n.d.). https://www.iata.org/en/publications/economics/reports/quarterly-air-transport-chartbook-q1-2026/

  Aviation Value Chain Brief. (n.d.-b). https://www.iata.org/en/publications/economics/reports/aviation-value-chain-brief-15-february-2024/

  Review of Maritime Transport 2025: Staying the course in turbulent waters |. (2025, September 24). UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD). https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2025

  World Bank Group. (2023). Air Freight: A Market Study with Implications for Landlocked Countries. In World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/publication/air-freight-study

  Golub, S. S. . ., & Tomasik, B. (2008). Measures of international transport cost for OECD countries. OECD Economics Department Working Papers. https://doi.org/10.1787/241707325051

  Jul 6, 2026 5:26 PM

  Accounting cost Aviation business china economy IATA logistics maritime news politics travel world

• TOPIC: ASSET-LIGHT STRATEGIES OF HOTEL BRAND MAMMOTHS: THE GOLDEN GOOSE WHICH MAY DIGEST ITS OWN EGGS?

  Ishaan

  Hotels interest me. Fresh towels arriving when demanded (though nowadays with a fair share of guilt), rooms allocated and emptying like a massive game of Djenga, the logistics are simply fascinating. Heck, anyone would be proud to own one, especially if their hotel, their brainchild, is not only NOT in a deep mire of debt (as is usually with the hospitality industry) but part of a global, profitable mammoth. Or would they?

  Hilton, Hyatt and Mariott seem to disagree, and rather vehemently given the data. These are three of the largest hotel conglomerates in the world, with Hilton and Mariott operating over 9000 each and Hyatt operating almost 1500 hotels and properties. However, less than 10% of these hotels are actually owned by these conglomerates. Hilton only operates and owns 5% if its properties, Marriott an even lower 0.5% while Hyatt owns and operates a shocking total of merely 20 US properties. The very vast majority of the properties are franchise driven, with independent owner-operators, the most prominent of which includes MCR and Apple.

  From what I thus understand, there is essentially a shift in the revenue model of these conglomerates. Revenue is now also derived from these owner-operators who are mostly real estate investment trusts. They pay a certain percentage fee on profits to “fly the flags” of the conglomerate brands and in exchange get credibility, name and hence, business. This also goes easy on the balance sheet of the conglomerate brands. As these tangible properties are sold off, wiping assets also implies a wiping off of massive debt incurred from those properties. That liquid cash is then used to buy up other hotel brands. In fact, Hyatt bought Standard International after it sold real estate for Playa resorts for USD 2 Billion, reportedly to pay off loans worth USD 1.7 Billion, hence reducing debt from the balance sheet from USD 6 Billion to USD 4.3 Billion. There are further such sales, as Hyatt sold more than USD 5.7 Billion in real estate since 2017 at 15x EBITDA and invested USD 4.4 Billion at 9.5x EBITDA in acquiring SI and Apple leisure group. Brand acquisition is what conglomerates spend now, not real estate. 

  This goes on in a cycle; as more and more rights are bought, Return on Equity increases since in since independent owner-operators which used to pay a fee to Standard international to fly their flag will pay it to brands like Hyatt. What essentially thus results is something rather lucrative: a one-time investment to generate consistent income, a golden egg of sorts. There is low responsibility of handing real estate which essentially serves as a means of hedging against real estate prices.

  But it goes both ways; brands must also prove themselves worthy for independent hoteliers to demand such a hefty fee on profits. Apart from the name attraction, brands provide data driven logistic support. Dynamic pricing data is also made available, which helps hotel managers make decisions on how to time their price changes so that the number of rooms booked remains consistent across days even with a highly versatile demand. They also provide discounts on bookings through third party aggregators, all contributing to greater business for these independent hoteliers as well as healthy cash flow. Really makes you think: what’s the point, what’s the future of these megalithic brands?

  These real estate investment trusts are the ones owning the hotel properties, employing crew and operating services. The brands thus lose their touch, since at their base identity they are hoteliers. 

  Furthermore, REITs require standardization for maximizing profits; predictability is thus vastly preferred over having diverse outliers. Following this doctrine, standardizing the standard operating procedures of services along with a universe system of logistics management to reduce operating costs gives off a monotonous “feel” as they are often not just making the quality consistent but rather the aesthetics too. This reduces brand loyalty through lack of variety. Close substitutes being available thus imply high elasticity of demand where low price takes precedence as a parameter when deciding one’s stay.  There is thus no point left of loyalty programs to maintain brand loyalty even when brands don’t own hotel properties themselves. In essence, brands are reduced to utility companies and service providers, which basically turn into commodities with close substitutes. Demand is thus not hedged against price hikes as the differentiating factor, or some unique selling point disappears. Some other utility or service provider (which may be far away from the hospitality industry too!) like Amazon or some SaaS company or some other facility provider which have achieved economies of scale could give the same service as these brands for a lower price. REITs can thus be willing to  sacrifice brand recognition for cost efficiency, making these brands highly dispensable.

  The risk of the formation of a bubble is also something to be considered. Real estate at the evry least has some kind of intrinsic value even though prices get inflated in that sector as well. An imperfect estimation of brand value is what generates revenue and profit. When there’s no tangible product for hotel brands to tether themselves to, there is a much more serious risk of overvaluation of brand value. If the previously explored risk of other companies providing the same service for lower price to elastic demand owner operators is actually realized, this bubble will burst,and  investors of these brands would take a big hit.

  Bottom line: I feel that this asset light model is indeed a short run win. Maybe the goose will keep on laying eggs. But it is important to be careful and let’s not overestimate how indispensable these brand name flags are for owner operators.

  Mar 14, 2026 2:46 AM

  asset bubble brands business finance hilton horeca hotels hyatt investing logistics marriott real-estate travel

• The (devil’s) PE’s advocate: AI slop and corporate backing good for our money and Youtubers’ livelihood?

  Ishaan

  Recently, I was subject to a (pretty long) rant from a friend of mine. We were both into the same youtube channels, kept up to date with the latest controversies, and fought regarding the same topics. The main gist of his manifesto of misery was that in recent times, Youtubers have spread themselves way too thin and made some eerily coincidental changes to their channel pertaining to content and its authenticity. Honestly, I agreed. There was a time when we eagerly waited for vloggers to do shallow “challenges” which nevertheless had a whimsical quality to them. We respected and appreciated independent, unbiased journalism from news media which covered grave topics we didn’t even know existed or had any relevance but apparently had great implications on most of the worlds’  lives. Now, these same vloggers sacrifice authenticity, personal integrity, and their original USP, their niche, for better camera quality and more crew members we didn’t need to know existed. Those same independent media have, what we perceived to at least, dubious sponsorships, which strangely enough led to more and more tame topics covered. This made me wonder, why are niche channels using AI voiceovers, indie media showing signs of quality disintegration, and most of all, why are youtubers selling confectionaries? They shouldn’t be held responsible for what I am putting in my body, MNCs should!

  This wondering led me to an answer, though not a full explanation of these changes but a possible one and not trivial to investigate nevertheless; Private equity in Youtube channels.

  There’s actually a surprisingly high number of those channels which I never suspected had PE backing: Veritasium, Fern, Vice and Dude Perfect, all extremely popular among the youth and have generally maintained a reputation for high quality content. In fact, such is the nature of the big bad hand of PE that they influence some very major decisions of these Youtube mammoths. Some of the most popular youtube channels owe their popularity to a certain host or main personality attached to the channel. This makes a channel vulnerable to the character and potential controversies of the person instead of the content of the channel itself. To reduce the risk associated with this lack of the ability to separate the art from the artist or more catchily, to mitigate the keyman’s risk, new hosts are introduced or other personalities are added, much like diversifying your investment portfolio. This is just one of the few business consultancy parallels we can now draw, what with the commercialization of non-legacy media too. This may be illustrated by the exit of Stevin John, the face and founder of the kids’ content channel “Blippi” after it got acquired by Moonbug Entertainment, and enterprise backed by the PE Blackston Inc, coincidentally also the owner of the beloved infants’ animated channel Cocomelon. 

  PE’s venture into such a niche and rather unorthodox sector can be explained by this very quality; its uniqueness. The logic is rather simple and just as banal as why PE acquires firms in almost every other sector: flush with cash PE firms saw a golden opportunity on these channels (which are now viewed as firms producing content en masse). These have low overhead costs and, given the algorithm continues favouring them, have great scalability and thus serve as lucrative investments. As shown by Blippi and Cocomelon, PE like any other industry makes a diverse portfolio of content creators. 

  This runs parallel to the decline in investment in new-age digital legacy media. These have high overhead costs which don’t justify their operational scale. These have corporate offices in premium location with substantial back-offices, and somewhat large workforce on high salaries. These firms thus have high burn rate of their revenues and incur debt anyways with lower ability to service debt. They do not signal to PE for investment due to their subpar financial health. Buzzfeed, as an example of this category, according to its Form 10K, spent almost 31% of its revenue in FY 2023 in general administrative costs, as opposed to a healthy firms’ 10-15%. 

  I also found reporting on niche topics to be kryptonite of sorts for PE. Buzzfeed with its cost profile has only a very narrow distribution channel through youtube and facebook and reports on niche subjects. This compromises scalability through limited channels which arrest maneuverability and also the extent to which revenue can be maximized as advertisers do not prefer content creators catering to a certain limited albeit loyal niche, further limiting revenue generation. Maybe this is why your favourite youtube channels seem a bit more generic than before?

  But before we move on to blame big bad PE for ruining the things we like, I did the blasphemous thing and came to my personal conclusion that in this field, PE is actually beneficial. Hear me out.

  The main risk posed to content creators on YT is the extremely fickle nature of fame; one moment you are the bee’s wax and the next moment you are nothing, just because of some ludicrous misunderstanding in the online world. As a content creator you are the forefront of this extremely credible risk. At the mercy of the algorithm, ad revenues depend highly on viewership, which again depends on how often your content is recommended on every user’s feed. Theoretically, even if you have a high amount of subscribers, you have low potential to grow if trends on what most of the audience prefers changes and your content isn’t pushed in users’ feeds. Your revenue stream is somewhat unreliable. I believe this is when PE steps in to ensure certainty and stability.

  Expansion into different types of content or to explore different markets takes time, money, crew and other resources. Ad revenue is often not enough to support these ventures. Funding from private equity thus serves as this much needed seed funding to expand and diversify in good times, and also insurance against bad times when viewership ebbs from average highs. I do believe that in this way PE helps in innovating content too instead of making it even more monotonous as it provides a backup to those who want to try something new but are afraid to fail. The problem is merely the direction this diversification takes; to something more inventive or more of the same safe but boring thing which panders to a large audience. 

  If I adopt the perspective of a content creator, not as an artist but as a person wanting to survive and thrive in a competitive economy, PE is beneficial too. As PE takes a more hands on approach to how a business (in this case a channel) is managed, creators receive help in identifying what works as content to ensure a reliable and stable source of income. It helps them become the ally of the Youtube algorithm, not to beat the market or rebel against it only to be left in the dust of irrelevance and thus financial instability, but to ensure income. Though it sounds blasphemous to me too as someone who likes good art, it is what it is. 

  The help in consultancy actually goes farther. As Buzzfeed illustrates the problem of financial mismanagement, creators are creators, they should not be expected to be burdened with accounting skills. They should have the right to follow what they want to do with full gusto and dedication and that is create content. PE steps in to maintain financial discipline, optimize labour, manage the financial side such as avoiding high burn rates and thus, mitigate the decline of a channel which is probably the baby of a highly dedicated creator. It thus also serves as a good exit for founders who can cash in on the brand they worked hard to build and want to move to a different chapter of life, by selling their channel to private equity.

  Another thing I have noticed as someone who has an infant cousin is that demand for animated infant oriented kids content, or even entertainment in general as a field, is a rather inelastic good though in theory it’s not a necessity. Though we grumble and mumble when we feel that the quality of a certain channel of a certain genre is falling, we still watch other channels of the same genre at least, and this case is even stronger particularly in cases like low-stakes infants’ content. My 1 year old cousin won’t care or even detect the slide in quality of Blippi, heck even I can’t. And even if she does, she can just move to Cocomelon. Guess what, both channels are owned by the same PE firm. So even if Cocomelon increases its viewership at the expense of Blippi, for example, the dividends generated by the PE remains mostly constant. The worst case problem posed is cannibalization. The reason why our financial health also, to an extent, relies of the health of these PE firms, is that these firms are funded by banks and investors who have our money too- our retirement funds and insurance premiums. The less volatile the dividends generated by PE firms, the safer our own funds are. Hence,  the usual and very dangerous risk of our money not receiving the promised and low-risk interest owing to the limited liability of these PE firms is mitigated, i.e., the infection of these tranched bonds is contained.

  This is not to say that underwhelming aspect in the involvement of PE in this seemingly benign field of entertainment is non-existent. 

  The issue with PE is very much how it is structurally and legally defined. The proliferation of PE in the business world actually leads to a vicious debt cycle. PE firms borrow from banks, offering their portfolio of funded firms as collateral. However, the responsibility to service debts actually falls on PE funded firms. PEs invest with the intention of receiving dividends from firms, which keep acquiring debt. The legal structure makes these firms responsible for debt servicing, so may force these content creators out of business. Also, since PE is not liable for debt payment and only loses initial investment if venture fails, it may put safe AAA category bonds at risk as they are not liable to pay the guaranteed return on low risk bonds. Our own funds may thus be in danger. 

  The reason I felt it is an interesting field of PE investment is because entertainment and particularly social media content is a recently new sector of investment. In the dawn of this investment, this was a niche and underexplored market. Social media content was seen as more risky and unreliable than legacy media. So, acquisition prices for PE in this sector was 4x-6x EBITDA as opposed to legacy media’s 10x-15x. However, with the massive competition  2026 onwards in the sector caused by ever increasing PE involvement has resulted, as social media content is now seen as high-growth. The rest of the implications are simple- high growth means high returns implying higher valuations and thus inflating acquisition bids. The advantage over other sectors in the form of low acquisition prices and lower risk of your money not receiving the promised interest rates owing to debt defaulting seems to reduce. Massive competition in yt media as though initially yt was seen as more risky than legacy media, these sold to PE for 4x-6x EBITDA as opposed to legacy media’s 10x-15x. Now the industry is maturing, valuation of creator content as ventures for PE is getting standardized through empirical metrics, competition rises and initial low risk through cheaper acquisition advantage is going away in the “sophomore year” 2026 of content creation PE investment.

  Once interest rates go up in the economy and no buyers would be willing to invest, system may come crashing down. This is the same arbitrage problem traditionally present in PE firms, though I infer to not be as serious as in other, already matured and mainstream sectors.

  Elaborating on the exit strategy, while it does give a breather  founders who want to quit, PE decisions may lead to burnout for content creators who would like to continue. The standardization of content actually has led to an observable reduction in content quality due to PE control favouring consistency and algorithm pandering reducing creative content. Worst case scenario from a creative standpoint (as I type with fists clenched) is a post-human market. It’s not even that far-fetched; AI content personas and the AI slop factory of content on Youtube and Facebook has duped and annoyed most of us unfortunate audience.

  The bottom line is a bit of a harsh truth: content creation might seem ever so increasingly soulless, but at least it will survive. It’s good for content creators who worked hard to build a brand but need mobility when they need to move on. Low inelasticity of dopamine addicted audience makes these investments still less risky than other PE investments , now that PE is here to stay anyways, especially if there is a logical route of diversification adopted by PE managers. 

  I feel, if your money is going to PE anyways, it helps if it goes in a safer and more benign direction, at least for the time being.

  Mar 7, 2026 10:35 PM

  finance youtube

• THE OTHER INSTANCE WHEN VALUE IS MORE THAN ECONOMIC: SOCIAL CAPITAL

  Ishaan

  Loneliness and social isolation is a growing epidemic of sorts in the 21^st century world, with 1 in 3 American adults experiencing it, and over 1 million British workers experience the same. Loneliness in fact has its fair share of economic implications, with a large opportunity cost being present between “productive” use (debatable definition, but mostly capital and economic value generating expenditure) and the cost of caretaking, as depression, dementia and other psychological issues arising out of loneliness has resulted in a whopping expenditure of 220 million pounds. Even more grave is the cost to society arising out of lower worker productivity, as this has cost over 650 million pounds to firms in lost productivity, and 1.62 billion pounds in voluntary staff turnover, a total of 2.5 billion pounds per year as economic cost of loneliness! Yet there is a reason why loneliness, albeit widely recognized as something to be eliminated, is not looked at from an economic perspective. This is because the social and psychological upliftment in the form of better mental and spiritual satisfaction and thus well-being is far greater than economic benefits. This is no less capital generating, but just another and oft overlooked kind of capital is generated; social capital.

  Now, social capital is almost synonymous with harmony, allowing people in a society to function together, thus elevating collective well-being, at least that’s the gist of it. The same can be said of protests. The BLM protests and the current protests in my city Kolkata against the RG Kar rape and murder case have strong economic implications in the form of disastrous decrease and disturbance in economic activity. In fact, there have been counter protests by hawkers whose businesses have been hurt. However, loneliness is desired to be eliminated while protests continue without regards or even despite economic considerations. And why? Social capital, and its three major purposes: bonding (unity through shared interest, such as of the medical community or ethnic minorities with the previous examples of protests), bridging (binding of different communities) and linking (unity of socio-economic groups, enabling upward mobility over the long term), all serving to foster to harmony.

  We have here, thus a trade-off, an opportunity cost between bad economic and mostly positive societal effects. Why do we, then prioritize the latter? Its because of our so-called hierarchy of needs, as we prioritize societal dignity and spiritual satisfaction the most, right after the basic need for food, shelter and clothing. This is because of the potentially high amount of social capital generated to fulfil that need, that we forget about something seemingly as insignificant as economic capital.

  It is important, thus, to shed light on this new form of capital, to a kind of social economics, which is just so, so important. I mean to talk about more than just society with a fancy tagline of “social economics”, but instead, think of social costs and benefits from a quantitative standpoint. Just treating social capital as money may have the effect of making it more appealing to the level headed and number obsessed among us, and by giving it a quantitative nature, social capital is made more tangible, and maybe even attaching more legitimacy to an important issue. And why not? One of the most important objectives of economics which is to maximize efficiency in way that scarce resources are used for best possible outcomes, of which well-being, and equity are integral.

  Sep 18, 2024 3:06 PM

  economics politics social-capital socialism

• FINANCE FOR GOOD- AN INTRODUCTION TO CHARITIES AND THE STOCK MARKET

  Ishaan

  Hedge funds, stock markets and the world of finance and trading is generally associated with glamorous selfishness, and those who partake in them are often stereotyped in movies as greedy snakes. In the meantime, however, it is often forgotten that money is merely a means to an end, and that end could be charitable too.

  Charities are voluntary contributions to just causes. Charity has an intrinsic value in and of itself, but humanity is not intrinsically inclined to these causes, because most of us are egoistic rather than altruistic regardless of outliers. People need incentives to act, and that’s okay. There are millions of Non Profit Organizations and people around the world who are dedicated to these causes and know how to solve complex problems, which most of us don’t have the ability to, but the intention. Sometimes all that is needed is a little bit of extra support, be it in the form of commodities, time, or finances. The latter part is particularly worth exploring.  

  Many countries possess very well known tax benefit policies for contribution to charities, such as tax deductibles as benefits for donors contributing to 501(c ) organizations in the US, and tax benefits for  gains from assets held by charitable trusts in India. If more than 85 % of income of trusts or charities are not applied, that income can be accumulated and hence, tax exempt. Yet even more intriguing than government ensured rules and policies is the free market’s own ability to support good causes.

  The Indian finance minster said, “It is time to take our capital markets closer to the masses and meet various social welfare objectives related to inclusive growth and financial inclusion”.  This is  the Social Stock Exchange, an initiative to connect the stock exchange system with Non Profit organizations, facilitating them to raise money from donors without explicit door-to-door requests to them. The Indian securities regulator SEBI has permitted the Bombay Stock Exchange to set up this social stock exchange, wherein organizations with a motive to do good can raise funds. Charitable ‘trading’ through the SSE is also more beneficial for the donor as it has more tax benefits than direct donation.

  The way in which the SSE works is through the issuance of Zero Coupon Zero Principal Bonds by participating charities. These are bonds issued to, or loans given by the donor to the charities, which, however, do not gain interest yield. Moreover, the principal amount is not paid back to the donor either. Since the audits regarding this exchange goes public like the normal stock exchange, we know that the funds are used for the right purposes.  

  Some mutual funds such as HDFC Charity Fund for Cancer Cure also work in a way similar to ZCZP Bonds. Like normal mutual funds, they are invested a principal amount by donors, which gain assets tax-free. However, the interest is paid only to charitable organizations of the donor’s choice, while the principal is paid back to the donor after 3 years. Moreover, some organizations which are not quite NPOs but raise funds for charitable causes, known as For Profit Social Enterprises (FPSEs) could also be listed in the SSE. These FPSEs can raise capital in exchange for equity. Profits generated through this trade can be reinvested into supporting their just cause. Investors need not necessarily deem monetary returns as the prime reason for investing in FPSEs as they are investing for a social cause anyways, and thus may be willing to invest in these organizations regardless of potential returns.

  One of the biggest issues which prevent people from donating is the information asymmetry arising from monetary exchange between donors and charities. There is a lack of transparency regarding where and how money is spent, and thus a lack of accountability, deterring people from donating to charities which are not very well-known. This situation can be improved through the Social Stock Exchange as finances are automatically audited under the guidelines and watchful eye of the SEBI, thus increasing transparency and trust.

  However, challenges exist with this system. India is not the first to initiate the SSE, and other countries such as Brazil have done so in the past to, only to be rendered insignificant. This is due to the lack of scalability. Smaller charities have limited access to the SSE, hence losing out on raising more funds for a good cause. Democratization for NPOs to access funds has not been carried out fully, and that thorn must be plucked for a truly effective SSE, to truly prove that the glamorous world of stocks and funds can be used as a means to good ends.

  May 4, 2024 10:17 AM

  altruism charity egoism IshaanNag NPOs Peace Social Stock Exchange Society tax benefits

• WHEN IS IT NOT AN OXYMORON?- EFFECTIVE AND HUMANE COUNTERINSURGENCY

  Ishaan

  The thing with insurgents inside a country is that more often than not, it involves sneaky guerrilla warfare tactics which involve civilians, with them being caught in the crossfire. And of the insurgents who do get neutralized, the punishment dished out to said insurgents overcompensate. Examples such as Russian government against the Chechens, the Sri Lankan army against the LTTE and the PRC government in Xinjiang are galore and obvious. This doesn’t mean counterinsurgency should stop altogether, because insurgents do threaten the internal security and integrity of legitimate state power (key word-legitimate) and doubtlessly require neutralization. However, I argue that counterinsurgency efforts should be humane, as in, the retribution received should not exceed Geneva Convention laid punishments.

  Counterinsurgency is a kind of irregular warfare, such that there is no conventional military standoff but nor a nuclear war. However, most states fail to master irregular warfare combat, though this varies, and thus leads to somewhat higher casualties than usual. The assymetrical warfare which ensues, as the governments which clearly have much greater resources than insurgents yet do not vanquish the insurgents quickly and instead leading to a long drawn out war, is frustrating and clearly, the animosity towards such insurgents is higher. Moreover, there is also the element of taking civilian hostages, collateral damage to their life and property, and also in the case of localised insurgency, a lack of complete information being provided to the citizens of the rest of the nations, which makes it very easy for sections of the population to be very polarized about such movements.

  Often, insurgents attract civilians to their cause, in large numbers, too. Retribution from governments cause a boomerang effect, as when excessive, it only makes the problem worse and inspire another regiment of civilians to join the fray. This might sound cliché but most counterinsurgency efforts by government fall flat or are much more costly, both on lives and finances, as they do not uproot the causes of insurgency yet merely quash their symptoms. Counterinsurgency efforts must thus focus on developing cultural understanding of the troubled regions and empathy with the prevailing social conditions. This should come off as obvious, yet this is rarely implemented, and I cant observe any obstacle which prevents this basic measure apart from a lack of will.

  Given that insurgents engage in violence in very unconventional ways (irregular warfare, as previously mentioned), it is very easy to enforce extrajudicial penalties on insurgents and those aiding them. Incentivizing them to engage in conventional warfare which does not involve civilians, not cause collateral damage and conduct themselves according to the “rules of war” as set by the international community can help highlight extrajudicial penalties, and encourage civilized forms of punishments. In fact, Francis Lieber through his General Order no.100 or the “Lieber Code” had a great influence in the international community at The Hague and Geneva in incentivizing the regularization of insurgents and guerrilla militias, by codifying the laws of war. Of course, merely codification is far from implementation, and history has proven us so. But also it is substantial in considering that codification laid the groundwork for a new and more civilized approach to the conduct of the war, and hopefully will continue to do so, hence changing popular attitudes to how war should be conducted.

  As for the state’s role in its conduct in counterinsurgency, one of the other identifiable reason for the usually brutal nature of required counterinsurgency is the line of thinking, wherein when the insurgent engages in morally reprehensible practices such as using civilians as human shield from attacks,  the obligation for the counterinsurgent to abide by morally acceptable conduct of war is discounted and excused. Court marshals against these practices may be strengthened, along with the previously explored broadcasting of complete information to the rest of the country regarding the situations in these insurgency affected areas.

  In order to ensure that states too engage in conventional warfare, there needs to a requirement for the intrinsic nature of the state- to be legitimate and have a moral dimension to its security policy, but not necessarily pacifist. Even with the example of the USA, the bogeyman of radical theorists, anti-neoliberals, anti-colonial theorists and so on and so forth, it is undeniable that the socio-political foundation of the country has led to its foreign policy having a moral policy, with of course very notable exceptions, but again, with undeniable examples such as its post war efforts in restructuring the economies of its opponents of the second world war, its current anti war stance on the Israel-Hamas conflict, and more. As long as the basic structure of a nation is moral and democratic, and as long as it derives its legitimacy from these values, we may not be amiss in assuming that self restraint in counter insurgency operations would be present.

  Thus, I feel, the fulfilling of basic conditions of moral and democratic legitimacy from the state’s side and successful incentivizing of insurgent to engage in conventional warfare has the best chance at achieving humane and effective counterinsurgency.

  Apr 21, 2024 7:55 PM

  counterinsurgency ethical geneva convention insurgency irregular warfare IshaanNag Peace politics Society

• MONETARIZATION OF POLITICS-ELECTORAL BONDS ARE DONE AND DUSTED, AND HOPEFULLY THE LAST OF ITS KIND

  Ishaan

  On February 2024, the Indian Supreme Court ruled that political parties could no longer receive political funding from electoral bonds, striking it down as unconstitutional, a measure touted as a mostly clean and accountable method to receive political funding by the ruling BJP, which introduced the scheme back in 2018. Fast forward to the 2019 general elections and the present, and we have seen that the Election Commission of India (ECI) itself raised doubt about its transparency in its affidavit claiming that “the scheme is contrary to the goal of transparency in political finance”, also sharing a letter to the Union Government outlining its impact on the transparency of political funding. Several parties have moved the SC against the electoral bond scheme, prominent among which is the pro-democracy NGO Association of Democratic Reforms (ADR), and this eventually resulted in the effective termination of the scheme, much to the rejoice of the opposition parties and pro-democracy organizations and institutions, which begs a few questions: what is the electoral bond scheme which justifies its controversy? Why is its result of further opacity contradicting its supposed intention of higher transparency? Why is the opposition rejoicing? And finally, is there a better option? Were previous methods any better?

  Electoral bonds are instruments wherein the bearer (political parties) is paid a certain amount on demand by the payer, who are according to this scheme, any Indian citizen and domestic or foreign organization. It was introduced in The Finance Bill of 2017 during the Union Budget as the Anonymous Electoral Bond scheme.  Its rationale was that the veil of anonymity regarding from who or what political parties sourced their funding made them less susceptible to be swayed by their interests, hence increasing accountability. It was facilitated by amending legislation to allow foreign funding of parties by finance act 2016. Moreover, amendments to the  Income Tax Act ensured it wasn’t  required for political parties from keeping a detailed record of funding received from the scheme. The cap on maximum donations made by companies to political parties was removed. Previously “companies could only donate up to 7.5 percent of three years of the company’s net profits”.

  The government also argued that since funding was done through the formal banking system, as the SBI was the sole authority in raising these bonds, there was less chance for foul play. This, however, was also flawed, as the SBI being directly under the control of the government, gave the ruling party a further advantage in the acquisition and concealing of information pertaining to the electoral bonds. Thus, any plan to devise a fair method of political funding was flawed at best and ostensible at worst. The striking down of the electoral bond system was hailed by Indian political institution such as the ECI, NGOs such as the ADR, and even opposition political parties such as the Left Democratic Front (which, in fact, was one of the parties which moved the SC against the scheme) and the INC, which in fact promised in its manifesto for the 2019 general elections to remove the scheme if voted. So why the opposition from the opposition?

  Firstly, there are concerns about the growth of a political oligarchy similar to Russia, if you will. The first cycle of electoral bonds showed that 85% of the bonds were purchased in the denomination of Rs 1 crore. This trend continued throughout the existence of the Scheme. Till January 2024, 15,631 electoral bonds worth Rs 15,631 cr were purchased in this denomination, which is more than 94% of the total bonds sold during all the phases. The large denominations of the purchase indicated that it was the conglomerates which bought most of the electoral bonds, which could have resulted in higher influence of corporates, thus giving political priority to corporations over the individual citizens and their interest. So, electoral bonds have been shown to erode the Right To Information Act and the principle of transparency  which is so crucial and intrinsic to the functioning of a legitimate democracy, hurting the so-called Social Contract between the individual and the state. It also ran the risk of promoting an oligarchy in the political system, and some may argue has somewhat succeeded, though not necessarily due to the electoral bond scheme, with the growing public discourse on the seemingly symbiotic relationship between the Adani corporation and the current administration. However, Indian politics has historically always been swayed by powerful individuals and organizations influencing the government to act in their interest, even in previous governments of the current opposition. But I digress.

  The LDF and the INC have also both shown  their disapproval of the scheme, and it is understandable why. The Electoral Bond scheme seems to have denied the opposition parties a level playing field in the area of political funding. BJP’s received 74 percent of bond yields among national parties,  while among both national and state parties both, the share was 57%. Electoral Bonds thus decreased the level playing field between political parties.

  Given these disadvantages, it seems any other form of funding is better, even the previous methods, though they are not without their limitations. Let us take the example of electoral trusts, which ensure funding solely through the banking system, and “disclose the details of political contributions to beneficiary parties through the regular filing of annual reports and the link between the political party and the donor can be traced by the Election Commission”, although the information is not revealed to the public. One of the main arguments for the Bond scheme which argues that funding through the banking system would result only in white money funding is hence redundant, for the system was already in place and Electoral Bonds were, in this regard, nothing novel.

  However, even through this system, Indian politics were still susceptible to unwanted influence. In March 2014, the Delhi High Court had held both the Congress and the BJP guilty of taking foreign funding from Vedanta and its subsidiaries. The then INC government and the opposition of BJP in a shameless example of collusion, amended legislation such that the illegalities resulting from their respective sources of political funding were removed.

  I argue not that the previous system was good, but that it was better. Structural flaws in the form of foreign funding and opacity persist with both the methods of funding, but as explored, legislation gave these unfair practices legitimacy in the case of Electoral Bonds. Our take home as perceptive citizens may be the lesson that legislation does not equal legitimacy. In some cases, legislation makes us worse off for its much harder to overturn a bad practice, in the case of the electoral trusts and its misgivings, the amendments to the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act which removed the illegalities of political funding resulted in both the BJP and Congress escaping scot free from the verdict of the Delhi High Court. The bench of justices led by Chief Justice DY Chandrachud of the Supreme Court appropriately took the verdict of striking down the Electoral Bond scheme, but it was, in fact, operational for 6 odd years from 2018 to 2024 February. It was a lucky situation that good sense prevailed, but good sense can’t be relied on indefinitely. At some point, institutional and structural changes are the only way out. This is especially true in the case of aforementioned monetarization of politics.

  Mar 11, 2024 6:20 PM

  adr bjp democracy elections electoral bonds fcra india IshaanNag monetarization news politics

• “IT’S THE ONLY WAY OUT!”- REALIST SKEPTICISM IS HARMFUL TO CONVIVIAL LIFE.

  Ishaan

  I must admit, I may be slightly guilty of making an “exploitation” post, given the background of Henry Kissinger’s death at the age of 100, but honestly, the debates sparking about the effectiveness of his immensely influential contribution to international relations, politics and society is worth commenting on regardless.

  Henry Alfred Kissinger was a Jewish German-born American professor in Harvard and later the National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under the Nixon administration. The communist-hunting poster boy  of realists and neoconservatives had a tumultuous early life, as he fled from Hitler’s Germany in 1938. He was put in charge of the military administration of the German town Krufeld during the American advance in Germany, despite being a private. He later became a faculty of the Department of Government in Harvard. It is thus safe to say he was a pioneer in shaping the field of international relations as we know today, right along there with Bismarck, Castlereagh and Metternich (the latter two of whom were the unabashed realist’s role models). Kissinger’s realist, pessimistic ideals were evident in his definition of legitimacy, such that it-“should not be confused with justice. It means no more than an international agreement about the nature of workable arrangements and about the permissible aims and methods of foreign policy”. His reservoir of knowledge and political cunning is undebatable, given the broad success he achieved in not only securing détente with communist China but also a strong ally against Soviet influence. Regardless, his success is more than made up by the failures in preventing the former Indo-China region to “fall” to communism despite ruthless, unilateral and even secret bombings of Cambodia and a protracted and ruinous war in  Vietnam, along with the many missteps he took in Africa (evident by the failure of the ruthless anti-communist dictatorship in the Angolan Civil War).

  He was dismissive of the State Department of the time, labeling them (quite fittingly derogatively going by the usual realist perspective almost devoid of moral concerns), as “do-gooders”. There is a great mass of both insightful and not-so-fruitful contributions to the debate regarding Kissinger’s, and his specific actions in the geopolitical scenario of the cold war. But there is something which truly deserves our attention. Let us discuss the celebration of pessimism, and a façade of choice between the bad and the worse, and ONLY the bad and the worse.

  Realist thought has often been criticized for being too pessimistic, and for the right reasons. Realism has often biased towards military power, violence and hard power generally to maintain order, if not peace, in a world of nation-states and their brittle external sovereignty. Given the cyclical nature of war and peace throughout history, their postulations arguably do make sense. Yet one may interpret the very necessity to place importance on the aggressive definitions and aspects of power as their own doing. For example, offensive realism stipulates that states are predisposed to war and expansionism, as they are essential in ensuring the survival of a state. This would motivate other states and hence, entire societies to adopt a war-like stance, giving great importance to the violent aspects of the military, for defense, thus explaining realist predisposition towards military power.

  Moreover, given Kissinger’s rather dystopian, though in some cases relevant, understanding of legitimacy, this perception’s wide acceptance and endorsement is also quite problematic, for it grossly ignores any form of conscience or justice, and almost enables a dog-eat-dog world, compliments of and serving to, again, enhance the acceptability of realism.

  Realists may not condemn justice and morality (both of which, although immensely subjective, are essential and mostly common codes of conducts any human society must follow), but their trivializing of these concepts is not only harmful, but also unnecessary. An eye for an eye approach must only be followed when thus provoked, and oftentimes these provocations in the form of invasions and offensives are a result of realism itself, thus resulting in a self-serving cycle reinforcing that pessimistic realism devoid of moral considerations. The game theory may explain our militant world today, armed to the teeth, and realism is rightly employed thus. Yet, we can always start, one by one, through collaboration. We can always try to be more understanding and wise. We can always exercise a little bit of restraint. We can definitely take collective initiative with like-minded peaceful states. We can definitely change, for we aren’t dealing with nature or absolute, objective truths over which we have no control over (also something becoming less true day by day, thanks to human ingenuity), but our own behavior, society and governance which we ourselves carve and can and have changed. We can achieve these ends, we can one day abandon this hopeless pessimism devoid of considerations for intrinsic values and justice. We can surely achieve more than order. We can achieve collective, consensual peace.

  Dec 16, 2023 6:52 PM

  kissinger Peace politics realism skepticism Society

• ECONOMICS OF MORALITY: COMMUNITIES ARE BETTER

  Ishaan

  A research paper published by Stefan Fiorin on behalf of the LEAP institute of the Bocconi University found, in the experiment conducted in 5 towns of Afghanistan in 2021 before the Taliban takeover, that the percentage of teachers who were willing to whistle-blow teacher absence when there was monetary reward and a possibility of repercussion for the accused reduced drastically when they were not faced with a monetary reward, from 15 percent to 10 percent. What does this strange, almost irrational behavior from a rational consumer’s standpoint, tell us?

  Also worth considering is the fact that tendency to whistle-blow did, in fact,  increase when there was no possibility of repercussions towards  the absent teachers.

  This seems to prove the existence of a subjective, ever-changing economics of morality.  The kind of economics which is both dictated by and also dictates our world. It is true that our lives and livelihoods are supported through monetary gains, and we do, of course, prefer to earn less rather than more. History has proven with colonialism that we go to the farthest and darkest ends to prefer more to less. However, it seems that there is either a drastic change in our intrinsic values, or that close knit communities are inherently more  altruistic.

  With increasing income inequality around the world, funds which can surely be used to solve world hunger withheld by our egoistic selves, the former does not seem to be very true. The latter, however, does make sense. One may attribute the low levels of willingness to whistle-blow  to the fact that these teachers form part of a closely knit, small community (which is ironically acknowledges as a limitation of the conducted study), thus giving rise to high levels of altruistic solidarity.

  The shift from “Gemeinschaft”(communities) to “Gesselschaft”(civil/urban societies) in the industrial revolution era Europe, as recognized by Ferdinand Tonnies, had given rise to myriad social problems and rifts, as populations changed from being small, closely knit with great common understanding to being a messy amalgamation of different such communities with different worldviews, struggles , and diversity, or rather, differences which were seemingly impossible to reconcile.

  I have nothing against intercultural understanding and in fact encourage it. Mingling with different people and not only being tolerant but also welcoming of differences are and should be very celebrated characteristics of the modern day ideal global citizen. Yet, even the most outgoing of us have a comfort zone. The most selfless of our beings would rather let a stranger be sacrificed instead of their own family, and that is not without a reason. I argue only for a “neighbourhood” society, a society where people with different superficial characteristics and backgrounds may interact and form such communities based on common ideological or emotional ground.

  Let us mingle with others, and form closer communities with those we are more comfortable with, regardless of creed or culture. If we were more egoistic towards our communities, we would be more altruistic within, and thus, I feel, peace among humanity would be more easily facilitated.

  Dec 16, 2023 6:48 PM

  bocconi communities gemeinschaft gesselschaft Peace philosophy politics Society

• ALL BARK NO BITE: STOCKHOLM SYNDROME TOWARDS FAMILY POLITICS

  Ishaan

  In India, there is a much despised yet enduringly popular style of politics: the family. It started with the Nehru-Gandhi family at the helm of the nation, with the first , fourth, seventh and eighth prime ministers from the same family (the father-daughter-grandson trio of JN Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi, not to be confused with the Mahatma, respectively). Moreover, the current boogeyman of the governing BJP, a bitter rival of the Gandhi INC, is Rahul Gandhi,  a very visible INC leader, often portrayed as a potential INC prime ministerial candidate with his mother Sonia Gandhi reportedly having pulled the major shots of the Manmohan Singh administration of the last INC leadership of the nation. Yet, with their rivals bitterly denouncing the party as elitist and dynastic (by all means, valid criticism), their electorate often fail to take into account the deep rooted dynasticism in their own ranks and file. A few of the many offshoots of the Gandhi family itself are part of BJP, members of parliament representing very sought after constituencies. Other opponents of BJP, such as powerful parties governing the states, such as the TMC and the BRS have their own dynasties of the Banerjees and Raos respectively.

  This trend is not restricted to India by any means. The Kennedys of the USA, the Kim family of North Korea, the absolute monarchies of the world, the Bhutto-Zardaris and Sharifs of Pakistan are just a few examples.

  In a highly socially stratified nation such as mine, to the point where the social fabric is stretched to its limits, dynasty politics makes a lot of sense. They are usually representative of a prevalent caste or creed, are tried and tested candidates of a rigid clan, and in a highly populated nation where cult personality status is attached to the extent of worshipping even actors, voting for a specific dynasty often becomes an unconscious choice, even ritual. Nor is dynasty politics inherently grim. Merit or the grit required for leadership may lie in succession in a specific family, such as the Bush presidents of post Cold War USA. Yet there is, of course, no such correlation and is usually the result of pure coincidence. Competence is displayed not because of dynasty politics, but in spite of it.

  One may argue that this kind of politics has its advantages. A political dynasty, with deep rooted trust among the public in democracies, or a long history of governing in dictatorships, have with them associated a certain sense of safety, if safety were to be interpreted as the blissful resistance to change. Also, one might even say that in some cases, they give rise to communal unity, though with exceptions as well. This is comparable to the comparative communal harmony in the now famously conflicted Balkan areas of the Iron Curtain era, when ethnic identity was trumped by ideological identity, uniting all through an ideological allegiance to the Soviet Union and common fear of capitalist encirclement. A strong, popular allegiance  to a dynasty helps suppress communal tensions, as the dynasty rule may serve as an almost dictatorial adhesive, forcing all to stick together and demand their loyalty, be it a willful cult-of-personality appreciation or an autocracy.

  Yet, there is no mutual correlation between family rule and communal harmony, but merely an imposed will of an autocratic family rule, be it through the absolute control of governments or the minds of the people, especially in democracies.

  A democracy was made precisely to give way to the free will of the people, emphasis on free. It was made to replace hereditary serfdoms. It was made to uproot corporations and family businesses and instead, replace them with legitimate states, which are run through statesmanship instead of reckless impunity, with family members as the thieves, police and judiciary. Yet its scorn is all bark and no bite, as family politics continues to thrive just as ever.

  In India, at the very least, a barrage of anti-dynast rhetoric has made the phrase of family politics very, very dirty. Yet, if we were to take a look at the erstwhile Maratha rulers of Gwalior, the Scindia dynasty continues to be  a royal dynasty even to this day. Post independence weakening of princely states have moved them to adapt to democratic politics, and adapt they sure did. With Jiwajirao Scindia and Madhavrao Scindia being very senior and powerful functionaries of the INC and Janata party in their long political careers, and the matriarch Rajmata Scindia even exerting her political influence to topple the government of the former CM of the state of Madhya Pradesh DP Mishra, they are still dynasties true to their name. Jyotiraditya Scindia, a very powerful former INC leader of Madhya Pradesh, similarly toppled the slim majority government of the INC leader Kamal Nath in MP, bringing along with him a wave of defections into the BJP. BJP’s anti-dynastic punishment took on the appearance of vesting in him the responsibility to head a union cabinet ministry.

  In Tamil Nadu, the DMK and AIADMK have ruled the states for most of its modern history. The current governing DMK’s original patriarch was the madly popular film star M.Karunanidhi while his son, M.K. Stalin heads the state. The list is endless, with the Patnaiks of Odisha, the Thackerays of Maharashtra who are still viewed by many voters as the original Shiv Sena, the Naidus and Reddys of Andhra Pradesh, and of course, Vasundhara Raje Scindia, the BJP matriarch and former CM of the state of Rajasthan.

  Although some of the states mentioned are not aligned with the BJP brand and its firebrand preaching against dynasty politics, in many of those states which are, dynasties rule supreme. Why, it rules supreme even in the Centre!

  The problem, if one may ask, is our structure. Everything looks good on paper. Most laws look good on paper, most stipulations and principles look ideal in the Constitution printed, and most promises look utopian in  manifestos. Why is, then, India an electoral autocracy? Why are there, then, so many cases of mob lynching, travesties of justice, and if so delivered, why so many criminals escaping head held high and scot free?

  It’s the tragedy of the commons. The mass does not want to change but complain, no matter how clichéd it may sound. We despise nepotism and are more boycott-happy than ever before, but we still pour big bucks into mediocre movies by a film star by virtue of the last name. We still pour so many fingers on the ballot, by virtue of the surname. We now despise family politics, as long as it isn’t the party of our choices. We still despise corruption and bribery, but don’t bat an eyelid in slipping a few bucks into the chest pocket of the traffic cop to let us escape. Me and you and he and she and they may want to change and surely would change if everyone did, but together, we are all bark but no bite.

  Nov 27, 2023 8:19 AM

  family politics Society stockholm syndrome

• ECONOMIC COST AND BENEFITS OF FESTIVALS: ALL THAT MATTERS?

  Ishaan

  I hail from the region of Bengal in Eastern India, the land of fierce feminity and its celebration, which takes the form of a much-awaited yearly ten-day long festivity, the Durga Pujo. It’s pomp is equivalent to Christmas in Christian majority nations, Nowruz, Eid and Dia de los Muertos altogether, or rather, given the stampedes and Pandals, and the flock of people exploring the streets of the city for festive joy with the strength of entire nations, lacking an equivalent in the first place. Given the tremendous scale of these festivities, it is no wonder that the extent to which the economy of a region is both invigorated and disaffected with increased consumption, production, money flows and their leakages, is tremendous . Much like the Olympics, the economic cost and benefits of such festivals are something worth discussing.

  Let me take the example of the festivity of my home turf, the Durga Pujo. In 2022,  The West Bengal State Exchequer had spent Rs. 60000 per Puja committee (clubs organizing the festivities of different neighborhoods). West Bengal had a total of 40092 Puja committees, which meant a total expenditure of Rs. 220,55,20,000. The chief minister was quoted in 2022 saying, “The State Treasury is empty. But I hope Maa Durga will fill up our treasury. Last year, we had given Rs. 50000 to each Puja organizer. This year we are increasing it to Rs. 60000 to each club”. This was a public admission of the lack of funds in the State treasury due to extreme expenditure and provision of subsidies for non-necessity purposes. However, the tremendous spending was also matched by corresponding increase in consumption and overall bolstering of the provincial economy. In fact, the Bengal Durga Pujo economy crossed the Rs. 5000 crore mark, a 54 percent increase from the 2019 findings of Rs. 32377 crore by the British Council, IIT KGP, and Queen Mary’s University (in which retail accounted for  80-85 per cent of the total Durga Puja economy, and the food and beverages sector had a share of around 7-8 per cent, while erection of marquees, decorations, lighting, entertainment, advertising and others accounted for the rest, according to The Business Standard.). The festivities accounted for 2.58 percent of the state GDP in 2019 according to a study by the British Council for the West Bengal government, and only grew as a percentage in the post-covid year of 2022. “Compared to the length and breadth of Durga Pujas, we are sure that its contribution to the state economy is either at par or bigger than the contribution of Rio de Janeiro carnival to the Brazilian city’s economy, and the cherry blossom festival in Japan,” said Debanrayan Sarkar, a former professor and economist at Presidency University”.

  Given that the phenomena of this huge boost in the local economy in and around the period of festivities is mostly a consumption-led activity, the positive spillover effect justifies the government spending accompanying this cultural activity, as the festival effect leads to an upsurge in employment of mostly irregular labour, cottage industry workers, and a general increase in employment guided by increase in production caused by a surge in consumption.

  However, my point lies on the specific “spillover effect” created by festivals instead of pure monetary gains and losses, the social satisfaction, the intangible aesthetics and emotions which are nearly as important as food, clothing and shelter, and just as important as transport infrastructure, industrialization, and various other traditionally economically benefitting activities.  A watch or a new car can do no good to a person perpetually dissatisfied spiritually or mentally, thus representing a failure of rational consumer behavior.

   Positive externality is a benefit received by the stakeholders of an economy, as an indirect effect of the activities of another actor. They  arise when one party, such as a business, makes another party better off but does not receive any compensation for doing so, as a spillover effect on society as a whole, thus benefitting the society as a social benefit. It is usually exemplified by reduction in pollution, consumption of healthier products, and a generally cleaner, healthier and “better” (subjective term) environment and society. However, even though positive externalities are beneficial to society, are categorized as market failure in economics. This begs the question: are economic costs and benefits, price mechanisms and strict adherence to ruinous equilibriums all that matter?

  The economies of the world and how we perceive and achieve solutions, or rather, the choice of problems we identify to be fixed, is in some cases flawed. We prioritize the tangible over the intangible, scorn the increased funding for public media, cultural events, and praise the increased spending for roads and bridges. While the latter has almost unanimous reason for celebration, the former receives scorn in an unjustified degree.

  Are we becoming grey, not due to complexity but due to monotone? With the advent of AI and incidents such as the Writer’s Strike in the USA, are we placing decreasing importance on pleasure and leisure? We must treat intangible spiritual satisfactions as positive externalities but not as market failure, as it is anything but so. Though these phrases have been exasperatingly used countless times, I feel that they are worth repeating- let us make art instead of more programming and robots. Let us chase rational consumer satisfaction as well as spiritual satisfaction. Let us buy , but let us cherish more. Let us celebrate externalities if they are positive, let us celebrate market “failure” if they allocate the intangible resource of spiritual satisfaction.

  Oct 23, 2023 9:20 AM

  Externalities IshaanNag Market Failure Rational Consumer Society

• STUDENT POLITICS – EMPOWERMENT OR ANOTHER STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT?

  Ishaan

  The Stanford Prison Experiment was a psychological experiment conducted for 6 days  by American psychologist Phillip Zimbardo. In the experiment, a prison environment was simulated, and volunteers signed up either as the imprisoned or the jailers. The experiment aimed to investigate the effect of social expectations and imposed roles of authority on individuals. Among the selected volunteers, half were assigned as prisoners while half were assigned as prison guards randomly. The volunteers designated as prison guards were ordered not to abuse the prisoners and were made to wear mirrored sunglasses. The prisoners were subjected to several practices which sought to harm their dignity, in order to simulate a prison environment.

  The prisoners rebelled against the  guards on the second day. The guards made a system of rewards and punishment to contain the rebellion, and sprayed fire extinguishers on the prisoners. Over the course of the experiment, the guards became increasingly abusive, and used increasingly cruel tortures on the prisoners, such as forcing prisoners to simulate sexual situations with each other, taking food privileges away and forced the prisoners to insult one another. The volunteers sunk more and more into their imposed role of tyranny as well as submission, as the prisoners were reported to not even considering their own rights and dignity. The experiment became increasingly fatal, and thus, on ethical grounds, was prematurely terminated after only 6 days, as for many prisoners the situation became fatal, with the prisoners experiencing extreme mental and emotional degradation, one of the prisoners reportedly becoming hysterical in Dr. Zimbardo’s office.

  This haunting experiment is but a mere glimpse on the capacity for cruelty humanity has, regardless of one’s usual behaviour, perspectives, values and morals. A random  sample of volunteers uniformly sank deep into the traits of their respective, imposed roles of submission and tyranny. The experiment reinforced the claim that “evil”, tyrannical behaviour was often a result of situational context.

  I feel that the roles we, as humanity in general, have associated with different social classes, professions and positions. To be the police is to be authoritarian, to be a politician is to be amoral and “weasely” at best and criminal at worst. To be a manual labourer, scavenger, or one of the several trades is to be “lowly”, submissive, and dismissive of when addressed towards with the pronouns indicating the least formality and in some contexts, respect, at least in India. Of course, like with every case, this generalization also possesses exceptions, but in general, does seem to hold true. Their reputation matches their reality. My focus is how students, the generation which carves the society, politics, progress, regress and even the future of a nation, fare with this generalization, with special emphasis on student, especially student union politics.

  Of course, student unions, like most labour unions, are in theory a great way to prevent oppression and pursue the common interest of a group united in its class and societal role. Student unions are a great idea in incorporating democratic values in the new generation of a country. These unions enable students to have a voice in the administration of educational institutions, check exploitation, give a platform for representation of various groups of students, and provide an opportunity for resource allocation and aid, financial or mental, much like a cooperative.

  The voices of student union members in most major universities is one advocating self-expression and of democracy. The same goes for student bodies in school. Yet, once a member does occupy a position of leadership, the voice of freedom changes into one of autocracy, one for liberation changes into one of absolute control. In fact, The Independent People’s Judicial Inquiry Commission led by  Justice P K Shamsuddin  has found that most student unions in the state of Kerala are autocratic; most colleges with such unions have  Idimuris, which are rooms where union office-bearers beat up those opposed to them, comparable to the jailers in the Stanford Prison experiment
  
  

  The Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP), the student union and student wing of the RSS had established itself as a pro-democracy and anti-authoritarian students union during the Emergency period, and along with the NSUI (student union affiliated with the Indian National Congress), was one of two dominant student unions in the Delhi universities. Its anti-establishment rhetoric reached a peak with the arrest of former ABVP union leader and later Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley during the Emergency period in India in the 70s. Yet, as it dominated the union positions in the universities of Delhi in recent years, it has abandoned its commitment to democracy and free speech with alarming readiness, with its intolerance of opposing ideas symbolized by simplistic attacks of labelling opponents as “anti-nationals”. The union which once, when not in power and endangered by authoritarian rule, sought to counter autocracy and a silencing regime, turned out to be the very same thing it sought to destroy. It has become the union which has suppressed the voice of detractors, the advocates of free speech have turned to protests to deny and cancel a seminar at Ramjas college in Delhi, where JNU students Umar Khalid and Shehla Rashid Shora were to participate.

  Our perceptions of jobs often influence such social behaviour. Student union leadership itself, as we have seen in previous examples, turn to establish absolute authority over student affairs. The voice of rebellion, the anti-establishment student voice changes to one demanding absolute loyalty and to act with absolute impunity.

  I must not be perceived as being biased against an ideology, for leaders, unions, organizations and individuals everywhere, across, nations and social systems have turned to this abandonment of ideals, of  resisting and expressing spite of unbridled power, while exercising it themselves when they are in authority, although in varying degrees, checked only by a system of accountability powered by the search for power of other groups keeping the establishment in an equilibrium of amoral, selfish lust for power with a facade of preserving democracy. Though I unfortunately lack a scientific cure-all for such power equations, I feel that we can start by attaching different roles and more responsibilities to these positions of authority. Let us not think of the police officer as our master, but as a responsible fellow citizen with an important job for ensuring law and order, deserving of punishment when acting with impunity. If we are in the Prison Experiment, the prisoners aware and fighting for their rights, and the jailer respectful and possessing a moral compass, the experiment would dissolve.  Let us change our attitudes to change our societies, and let us start as students, the new generation.

  Oct 11, 2023 8:57 PM

  #Autocracy #LeadershipAndPerceptions #StanfordPrisonExperiment #StudentPolitics IshaanNag Society

• ON THE PORTRAYAL OF THE ENEMY AS OUR FRIEND

  Ishaan

  ON THE PORTRAYAL OF THE ENEMY AS OUR FRIEND

  I have seen countless crime series where the aggrieved confides in the detective, expressing their surprise at the murder for “he had no enemies!” Enemy is often labeled as a strong word, and enmity is a taboo which seems to be often shushed, established only at a last, desperate bottom of relationships. Enmity between humans is so often denounced and campaigned against by social justice organizations and rightly so. The word ‘enemy’ often feels almost like an expletive, and one mostly avoids making any.  I, however feel that we are not paying the concept its due credit. Let us take the example of European colonies and the anti-colonial struggles in these nations, formerly bickering and divided kingdoms. India herself was such a nightmarish mess of kingdoms, empires, and clans after the demise of the Mughal Empire and during the demise of the Maratha Empire. The East India Company and later the British Raj established its rule over the subcontinent, with its varied subjects ranging from Pashtuns, Sindhis, Punjabis, Dravidians, Bengalis, Burmese with myriad tribes, faiths and castes, all with their notions of superiority, inferiority and differential treatment. Though aided by social reformation, true unity among such numerous communities was only achieved in the late colonial period, with the freedom movement and its different strands, both militant and non-violent, uniting political, ethno-linguistic and social factions in a common goal, to fight against a common enemy, the Anglo-Saxon invader. This is a very similar case to post-Revolutionary Europe- outdated concepts of class-based divisions, serfdoms and fiefdoms eroded as an upheaval against autocratic monarchies and their empires swept across the continent. Nationalism of the late 17^th to early 19^th century era was a uniting force to be reckoned with, kingdoms with diverse populations without any solidarity were increasingly replaced by nation states with common cultures, languages, ideals and histories of struggle. Thus, the broad enemy,  the monarchial system, united the people of the nations of Europe

    My point: common enemies make more and better friends, the more broadly defined, the better. Caste and sect differences are forgotten or at least subdued temporarily to express religious ones, myriad Indian kingdoms and states, previously rivals, united against a common colonizer challenging their hegemony on the rule of their subjects to form a politically united Indian subcontinent. Protestants and Catholics unite against Muslims, Shia and Sunni unite against Christians, Tsarists and Liberal Democrats stood united against the Communists in the Russian civil war.

  One of the most effective, if not the most effective to bring about unity among the human race is pinpointing the enemy. Totalitarian regimes use it as a strictly observed rule, either as a distraction or a means of uniting the citizens (or subjects) to support their aims and whims.   One ought to wonder, antagonization isn’t all that bad if it brings about unity so effectively. Everyone is eager to lynch the piñata, everyone is united in their hunger to feed on the scapegoat. The challenge, thus, is to find a piñata which isn’t a human being of a certain community to lynch, but a genuine problem posing a grave threat to humanity is a whole. Albeit clichéd solutions but ones I really believe in, let us make our scapegoats  misogyny, racism, bigotry, intolerance, tolerance of intolerance, climate change, social stigma against remarriage and sanitary pads, polygamy belittling one half of a couple, and all things wrong with humanity. Let our enemies be all of our enemies, and affect all of us. Let these broadly defined enemies unite broad groups of the same species, Humanity.

  Oct 1, 2023 4:13 PM

  #Better World #Enemy #Peace #Society #Unity

• THE HORDE OF THE LONELY, AND THE LONESOME IN A HORDE

  Ishaan

  There is an epidemic of sorts, in both the West and the global South, of increasingly individualistic and collectivized societies. We are becoming increasingly polarized, no matter the region of the world, and this is a trend on the rise. I feel that the imperfect way in which our society is shaped is partly to blame, the absence of a middle ground is to blame.

  Of course, the divisions are different. In collectivized  societies, it is an “us” vs “them” division, while in individualistic societies, it is an “I” vs “them” division, but divisions exist nonetheless. The former is mastered by the group and the government, while the latter is the result of rigid individualism hindering opposing viewpoints. The former has given rise to cruel totalitarian regimes who tolerate no dissent, while the latter has given rise to a fractured social fabric with no solidarity and low interaction, and then one must wonder, is that how humanity is poised to exist, locked by borders between these two extremes?

  Emile Durkheim’s influential though controversial work on suicide gave us four types of suicide: Altruistic Suicide, Egoistic Suicide, Anomic Suicide and Fatalistic Suicide. Egoistic Suicide is one which occurs due to an individual losing their sense of belonging. One has no tether in life, nothing to identify with and nowhere to belong to. Anomic Suicide occurs when an individual has no morals, codes of conduct to follow, a lack of communal, societal structure. One can see why: privacy in such societies is a worshipped concept. Neighbors are separated by good fences, and usually, health and welfare is taken care of by the government. Communal living, however, with greater urbanization and de-industrialization, has drastically reduced. Where one would be expected to conform to rigid standards of living in closely knit villages where closely knit groups knew and cared about each other and thus result in a sense of security, new towns with cosmopolitan demographics and freedom to behave and follow disparate religions, traditions and faiths replace this social safety and security with freedom, resulting in confusion and disappointment. Hyper-nationalism in pre-First World War Germany and toxic identity politics grew out of this transformation from villages to metropolis, from homogeneity to diversity, and as a response to these unwelcome changes. This shift from Gemeinschaft to Gesselschaft, or from community living and norms to a society where self-interest guides the society, as underlined by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies, had thus given rise to national chauvinism in Germany and various other newly industrialized nations as a struggle to regain that lost sense of belonging, as a response to a chaotic, lost and sinful individualistic life.

  The problem, I feel, is graver in the case of highly collectivized society. Fatalistic suicides occur due to a feeling of oppression, a sense of failure in conforming to societal rites.  Countries with the highest suicide rates are ones with such rigid, collectivized societies where the community’s needs and wants are put above the individuals needs. For example, South Korea, with a suicide rate of 28.6 per 100000 people, is the country with the fourth-highest suicide rate, while Lesotho coming at first with 72.6 per 100000. South Korea, along with it’s East Asian counterparts, have a highly collectivized society where societal pressure such as pressure at work, education, and a social stigma on open discussion about mental health. The same goes for Lesotho and India, with a strong social stigma against discussion about mental health, countries with the most and 41^st most suicides per 100000. This social stigma, I believe, stems from a direct community imposition of rigid codes of conduct for every individual to conform to as a collective, downplaying the individual.

  On the other hand, politically unstable countries such as The Honduras and Syria have some of the lowest rates of suicides. Am I suggesting a country must be rendered politically unstable to have a harmonious social fabric? I honestly cannot suggest anything, for I am not a psychologist. This article may not provide closure or a solution, but my point stands: hyper-individualistic societies and hyper-collectivistic societies are dystopian. The former lack any kind of solidarity, while the latter grant barely any, even basic freedom to it’s individual components, and in extreme cases such as some cases of nudge theory policies as in wide scale surveillance and government invasion of privacy, also serves to dehumanize the individual. In the process of moving towards our own ideas of utopia, one of liberty the other of mutual solidarity, we forget to check these growths and instead form hordes of the lonely and the lonesome in a horde.

  Sep 23, 2023 7:24 PM

  Hyper-collectivism Hyper-indivdualism politics Society

• THE PRICE OF PEACE

  Ishaan

  THE PRICE OF PEACE.

  It was a freezing morning in Oslo when I visited the Oslo City Hall with my parents. I was expecting an imposing seat of power with intricate gothic details carved on to the building, especially since it is the annual host of the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony. The glimmering clean and modernist architecture in the neighborhood overlooking the Oslo Docks only heightened my expectations, yet the City Hall building was a letdown. The building was brick red and featured a clock, while the interior was adorned by murals in a rather empty hall. I wondered, for the host of the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony, this building was underwhelming. Where was the exclusivity which was attached to anything important and highly respected?

  

  The murals answered. They showed scenes of communal harmony. They portrayed the muscled laborers of the city as proud, high and deservedly so. The heroes of the epic of the city of Oslo were not mythical warriors or royalty who decreed the construction of grandiose monuments, but they were instead the workers who made those monuments with their bare hands, and they were the chief guests. The stories portrayed were of life, death, marriage, revelry, hardship, rebellion against Nazi occupation, and the stars were the extraordinary citizens of Oslo. The stories were of solidarity. The murals reflected the psyche of the population of a country held as a model in human development  for the rest of the world. This was an individualistic society, but not a selfish society. The welfare of the population was the responsibility of a government which imposes high taxes, and doles out higher welfare schemes. They are not despised as free handouts by the populace, but they are thought of as responsibility to ensure basic necessities and dignity to fellow compatriots. This was a society where an unlocked door does not invite thieves, but trust. This was a utopia in reality, this was a society in peace.

  

  

  There was an exhibition, if you will, displaying the various protests, uproar against political and social oppression around the world. They featured masked protesters fighting against the mask which silences them, a single yet hefty police boot adorned with a dark, metallic brace enough to strike fear and pain to those who dare to go against, the massive figure of a policeman turning his back to the viewers and the people, masked protestors fighting for freedom of expression and dignity. The answer to why Oslo hosts the Nobel Peace Prize was clear to me: dissent is respected and taken for granted. This accommodation, this lack of brute force gagging the voice of the people has brought peace. Peace in such a society is not merely order imposed by a higher power, but a mutual, unanimous willingness to live and let live, and I feel that we should strive to achieve that kind of peace. Peace should be one of dignity, freedom to talk responsible and one of mutual respect, not one where silence and immobility through gags and shackles is confused for peace.

  Humanity is one of imperfection and double standards, and I will not pretend to be different. I have also relished thoughts of silencing a few voices I felt not worthy of being heard of. Though one must act responsibly, without endangering the liberty and dignity of others, there must be a less biased filter of judging which voice is seditious and harms order, or more importantly peace. Peace, for me thus, is freedom and equal dignity to all those who deserve it regardless of external characteristics which do not define and decide a person’s worth, values and behavior. The struggle for liberation is one which has occurred countless times in the past, are still ongoing, and shall continue into the future. That struggle is barely ever non-violent. Blood has been spilled in these revolutions, rockets still fire instead of crackers of celebration, to maintain “order”. Peace is born from chaos, and order is an illusion.

  

  Ales Bialitski is a Belarussian pro-democracy activist. He has worked to promote democracy and human rights in Belarus since 1980s, the only continental European country which is not a democracy. He fights for dignity and freedom for his people, for true peace. Yet the Peace Prize winner is jailed by the tyrant of his country instead of being honoured. The city hall had provisions to send postcards to this wronged participant in his country’s  struggle for liberation. I did feel guilty, as writing a mere postcard is vastly different from braving police batons and hoses to bring about said liberation. Yet, I felt, in my pain of not experiencing enough pain (if that makes sense), that if writing a mere postcard which may not even wind up in his cell to restore his faith in the struggle he believes in may make a difference, no matter how miniscule, then I shall write him a postcard to his, I believed cold jail cell, from my insulated surrounding, wearing a fuzzy jacket.

  This was my first, no matter how distant, interaction with a real-time political struggle. This mere composition of a postcard had reinforced my commitment to study human society, its intricate governance to a great deal,  reinforcing my fascination with the good, the ugly and the terrible of the human race. I felt that the future is human, a future of peace which we can achieve against all odds.

  Humanity has the ability to destroy itself. Humanity has the Holocaust, the Rape of Nanking and the Rwandan Genocide. Humanity also has the highest capacity to save itself from the most imminent of disasters. Humanity has the UNICEF, Ales Bialitski, Schindler and the kind neighbor next door. Humanity has the love of power which makes me pity the world, while humanity has the power of love which makes me want to preserve this world by all means.

  I believe that before a wildfire or a tsunami, humanity has the most capability to destroy itself from within. I also believe that humanity is the most capable of removing factory farming, animal abuse, Apartheid anywhere in the world, as we have been proven to do so. Whatever the price of peace, humanity can pay it.

  Sep 22, 2023 6:05 PM

  IshaanNag Peace Society